Kotlin is an open-source programming language that can run on Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It is a language that combines Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) and functional programming in an unrestricted, self – ample and unique platform.
Kotlin is a programming language that was proposed via JetBrains. It can run on numerous platforms. You can apply the twinning of functionalities through miniature codes in Kotlin. Kotlin is used widely that is:
Kotlin is a statically-typed language which is very convenient to read and write.
Kotlin programs do not require semicolons in their program. This makes the code easy and more readbale.
This languare permits exchange and use of data from Java in a number ways. Moreover, Java and Kotlin code can co-exist in the same project.
Kotlin’s type system is aimed to cast off NullPointerException from the code. It’ll take you less time to write new code in Kotlin. It’s even easier to set up kotlin code and to maintain it at scale.
YOU WILL LEARN ABOUT:
FEATURES OF KOTLIN
ARCHITECTURE
ARRAYS
STRINGS
COLLECTIONS
KOTLIN OOPS
SWITCH TO KOTLIN FROM JAVA
FEATURES OF KOTLIN
Concise: Kotlin is concise than Java, you would want to write approx 40% less lines of code compared to Java.
Interoperability: Kotlin is quite interoperable with Java. You would not face any problem using Kotlin in a Java project.
Open-Source:
Kotlin makes use of JVM and combines the features of OOPs and functional-oriented programming.
Robust Tools:
Like Java, Kotlin code can additionally be written using IDE or the usage of the command-line interface. It is convenient to work with IDE, and syntax errors are also reduced dramatically. At the same time, when you are working with a command-line interface, code has to be compiled first.
Trust: You can trust kotlin as this is developed through popular and well known company JetBrains. JetBrains is recognized for creating numerous development tools. The popular Java IDE IntelliJ IDEA is developed through this same company.
Feature-rich: Kotlin offers a number of advanced features such as Operator overloading, Lambda expressions, string templates etc.
Low Cost of Adoption:
Kotlin is preferred through companies because of its misplaced cost of adoption. Most importantly, it is easy to learn by developers, particularly having a programming background.
Less error prone: As I stated in the beginning, Kotlin is a statically-typed programming language, which makes you able to catch errors at compile-time as statically typed programming languages do type checking at compile-time.
ARCHITECTURE OF KOTLIN
A well-built architecture is essential for an application to scale up its features and meet the expectations of the end-user base. Kotlin has its own peculiar and distinct architecture to allocate the memory and to get great outcomes for the developers and end-users.
Kotlin’s co routines and classes architect the core in such a way to produce much less boilerplate code, increase the performance, and enhance the efficiency. There are a variety of scenarios where the kotlin compiler can react differently, especially each time it is earmarking various kinds of languages.
In the architecture diagram, it is clear that code execution is carried out in three easy steps.
In the first step, “.kt” or kotlin file is added to the compiler.
In the second step, Kotlin compiler converts the code into bytecode.
In the third step, bytecode is put into Java Virtual Machine and performed through the JVM.
When a couple of byte coded file operates on JVM, they kindle the mutual communication amongst themselves, which is why the feature in Kotlin known as Interoperability for javabirth The transpiring of Kotlin to JavaScript takes place when Kotlin targets JavaScript.
When the JavaScript’s target is chosen, any code of Kotlin that is a part of the library that sails with Kotlin is than spilled with JavaScript. However, the Java Development Kit(JDK) or any java library used is excluded. A non-Kotlin file is not taken into consideration throughout such operation. While targeting JavaScript .kt file is converted into ES5.1 by using Kotlin compiler to generate a consistent code for JavaScript. Kotlin compiler endeavors an optimum size output, interoperability with existing module, same functionality with the standard library, and output that is JavaScript readable. It is clear from the discussion that Kotlin Compilers can create a more efficient, competent, and independent code that in addition results in a high- performing software product.
KOTLIN ARRAYS
An Array is the homogenous set of data types and is one of the most essential data types which is used to keep the same types of data in the contiguous memory location. An Array is significant for the organization of data in any programming language so that more than one data stored ant a single place is easy to search or sort.
In Kotlin, arrays are a mutable collaboration of the same data types rather than being native data types.
Here are certain properties of an array in Kotlin
The dimension of the array can’t be modified once declared.
Arrays in Kotlin are mutable.
Arrays are stored in contiguous memory locations.
An array can be accessed with the help of indexes like a[1], a[2], et – cetera.
The index of an array begins with zero that is a[0].
In Kotlin, an array can be described in two distinctive methods
By Using arrayOf() Function :
In Kotlin, there is a main utilization of library functions. One such library function is arrayOf() function, which is used to outline an array through passing the values of the variables to the function.
For Example : Implicit type declaration of array using arrayOf() function
val x = arrayOf(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
For Example : Explicitly type declaration of array using arrayOf() function.
Val y = arrayOf<Int>(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
KOTLIN STRINGS
A string is a primary data type in any programming language. A string is nothing but a sequence of characters. The String class represents character strings. In Kotlin, all strings are objects of the String class, which means string literals are carried out as instances of the class.
Syntax:
Val myString = “Hey there!”
KOTLIN COLLECTION
A collection consists of several objects of a similar type, and these objects in the collection are known as elements or items. Collection can help to store, retrieve, manipulate, and combination data.
Types of Collections:
Immutable countable
This kind of collection assists read-only functionalities. One can’t modify its elements.
Methods include:
List – listOf() and listOf<T>()
Set – setOf()
Map – mapOf()
Mutable Collection
It supports both read and write functionality.
Methods include
List – mutableListOf(),arrayListOf() and ArrayList
Set – mutableSetOf(), hashSetOf()
Map – mutableMapOf(), hashMapOf() and HashMap
KOTLIN OOPS
The object-oriented programming method allows a complex code snippet to divideinto smaller code blocks through creating objects. These objects mutually share two characteristics: state and behavior.
Here are some of the OOPs elements that we are going to discuss:
Class and Objects
Constructors
Inheritance
Abstract Class
Class in Kotlin
The first before developing an object, we want to outline a class that is also known as the blueprint for the object.
Syntax:
class ClassName {
// property
// member function
… .. …
}
Objects in Kotlin
While defining a class, we only define the specifications for the object, no other parameter like memory or storage is allocated.
Syntax:
var obj1 = ClassName()
Constructors in Kotlin
A constructor is a way to initialize class properties. It’s a member function called when an object is instantiated. But in Kotlin, it works differently.
There are two kinds of constructors in Kotlin:
Primary constructor: Optimized way to initialize a class
Syntax:
class myClass(valname: String,varid: Int) {
// class body
}
Secondary constructor:
Helps to add initialization logic
Kotlin Inheritance
Inheritance takes place when some properties of the parent class are obtained through the child class. Inheritance is allowed when two or more classes have the same properties.
Syntax:
open
class ParentClass(primary_construct)
{
// common code
}class ChildClass(primary_construct):
ParentClass
(primary_construct_initializ)
{
// ChildClass specific behaviours
}
cAbstract Class in Kotlin
An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated, but we can inherit subclasses from them. ‘abstract ‘ keyword is used to declare an abstract class.
Example:
open class humanbeings {
open fun Eat() {
println(“All Human being Eat”)
}
}
abstract class Animal : humanbeings() {
override abstract fun Eat()
}
class Cat: Animal(){
override fun Eat() {
println(“Cats also loves eating”)
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>){
val lt = humanbeings()
lt.Eat()
val d = Cat()
d.Eat()
}
REASONS TO SWITCH
KOTLIN FROM JAVA
Kotlin is a new programming language which is similar to Java. It used to be identified by Jetbrains and was developed using some exquisite ideas of other members.Kotlin uses an environment of JVM through the use of Javascript and machine code. Based on Java programming language, Kotlin can run on any of the Java-based environments however majorly the environment must be JVM.
1. Java-Based
Kotlin programming language is now getting recognized on many projects. The major usefulness of using this programming language is that it is primarily based on the Java environment and platform. This means that the already existing Java-based projects can seamlessly run on this language. It is merely a Java inter-operable programming language that one can learn and use easily on the current Java- based programming language.
2. String Insertion
The choice of using a string in a programming language, is primarily based on the programming language that is used for that purpose. The string used in Kotlin is the same as Java and a very simple and familiar way of making modifications in coding. That is why it is used in many projects where the Java programming languages are used. The type interface is used in Kotlin to identify the Java types.
3. Auto Casts
The Kotlin compiler is used to track the automatic casts. It does not require any checks or tests to track the identical thing. This will help to enhance the efficiency and the capability to check thus assisting to decrease the level of timing to checks and tests happening in different projects. This is additionally one reason to make a switch to Kotlin.
4. Arguments and Equals
Since Kotlin is the same as other programming languages, there is no need to improve the unique information for the symbols in it. It is very easy to learn and doesn’t require to specify different arguments for that. Kotlin language is helpful for the type of insertion in coding in a programming language.
5. Classes Using Data
We understand that the Java programming language uses many steps to contain a data in a class. But in Kotlin, it uses simple lines referred to as toString(), equals(), hashCode(), and copy() to execute data. So it is very simple and beneficial to complete the project and additionally a main step to use data classes in any projects.
6. Declaration, Ranges and Functions
The declaration occurs in every programming language, in a similar way in Kotlin language as well. But the destruction of the declaration additionally has a chance in Kotlin. When used for statements the ranges can also be mentioned to identify this. But in Kotlin, we can add a new function for the old class to making it very useful to get different and very useful creation of coding.
